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英语高频考点——修辞学
一、定义
修辞学是研究修辞的学问；修辞是加强言辞或文句效果的艺术手法。
二、语义修辞
（一）拟人（Personification）
拟人修辞法就是把事物人格化，将不具备人类动作和感情的事物变成和人一样具有动作和感情。
The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.
I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.
（二）转喻 / 借代 (Metonymy)
转喻是用一名称来指代与之密切相关的事物或概念。
The kettle boils.
Lend me your ears, please.
I saw a Qi Baishi on the wall.
（三）明喻（Simile）
明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比，这种共性存在于人们的心里，而不是事物的自然属性。标志词常用：like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等。
My heart is like a singing bird.
The human history is like a long river.
（四）隐喻 / 暗喻（Metaphor）
隐喻是简缩了的明喻，是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物，通过比较形成。
The world is a stage.
A silver plate is rising up in the sky.
（五）提喻 (Synecdoche)
提喻就是以局部代表整体，或以整体代表部分。
He earned his bread by working as a writer.
There are about 100 hands in his factory.
（六）夸张 (Hyperbole)
夸张是一种故意言过其实，或夸大或缩小事物的形象，借以突出事物的某种特征或品格，鲜明地表达思想情感的修辞方式。
I beg a thousand pardons.
I haven’t seen you for ages.
（七）双关 (Pun)
双关是用一个词在句子中的双重含义，借题发挥、作出多种解释，旁敲侧击，从而达到意想不到的幽默、滑稽效果，它主要以相似的词形、词意和谐音的方式出现。
You were right, so I left.
On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you.
（八）反语 (Irony)
反语就是说反话，即用反面的话来表达正面的意思。有时候可以达到讽刺的意味。
It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.
He is a man who is most dependable when you are not in need.
（九）委婉语 (Euphemism)
委婉语是用婉转、客气的说法来代替直截了当的话，把原来显得粗鲁或令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来。
He is out visiting the necessary.
His old friend is sleeping here-but forever.
（十）矛盾修辞法 (Oxymoron)
矛盾修辞法将相互矛盾的概念和判断巧妙地联系在一起，以便相互映衬，突出事物的特点，表达复杂的思想感情和意味深长的哲理。
I like humanity, but I hate persons.
Parting is such a sweet sorrow.
（十一）典故 (Allusion)
典故修辞法是通过引用典故、谚语、成语、格言和俗语作为喻体，间接提及本体的修饰手法。
Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.
A university degree is no longer the open sesame to a good job.
（十二）移就（Transferred Epithet）
移就是将本用来修饰一类名词的修饰语用来修饰另一类名词。
He lay all night on a sleepless pillow.
She passed many an anxious hour in the train.
【全真模拟】
1.The rhetorical device ______is the act of referring to something by the name of something else that is closely connected with it.
A. simile
B. metaphor
C. metonymy
D. personification
【金标尺答案】C
【金标尺解析】本题考查英语语言学——修辞学
题干指：用与某事物密切相关的其他事物的名称来指代某事物。故C项复合题意。A、B、D项为干扰项，故排除。故本题答案为C。
2.The rhetorical device employed in “The journey of life is always full of surprises” is _______.
A. simile
B. metaphor
C. personification
D. irony
【金标尺答案】B
【金标尺解析】本题考查修辞手法。句意为：人生的旅程总是充满惊喜的。因此使用的是暗喻。故B项符合题意。A、C、D项为干扰项，故排除。故本题答案为B。
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